The research is devoted to the architectural spaces study of the pre-Christian period. The analysis of their evolution at the most ancient stages of mankind development is carried out. The change in the organization of settlements and cities in the pre-Christian period is considered. The analysis of the development of ancient Greek temples is performed. It was determined that in the pre-Christian period the evolution of the human world outlook took place from the mankind dissolution in the nature conditions in the period of ancient settlements and sites of ancient settlements to the opposition of oneself and the world in the archaic period. The structure of settlements and cities, as well as dwellings and religious buildings is considered from the point of view of symbolism. Conclusions are drawn about the development features of architectural spaces at the most ancient stages of human development. The practical significance of the scientific article is that the results of the research can be used in the analysis and design of modern architectural spaces.

E.P. CHERNYSHOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.U. NIKISHAEVA², engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.E. CHERNYSHOV³, student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University (11, st. Uritsky, Magnitogorsk, 455000, Russian Federation)
² Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences(21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)
³ Saint-Petersburg Mining University (2, 21 line, Vasilievsky Island, Saint-Petersburg, 199106, Russian Federation)

1. Pavlov N.L. Architectural space: Origin. Formation. Deploy-ment // Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Rossii. 2016. No. 3 (219), pp. 60–67. (In Russian).
2. Grube G., Kuchmar A. Putevoditel’ po arkhitekturnym formam [Guide to architectural forms]. Moscow: Nauka, 2010. 327 p.
3. Araukho I. Prostranstvo. Arkhitekturnyy dizayn [Space. Architectural design]. Moscow: Stroy-servis, 2016. 327 p.
4. Zaborova E.N. Sociology of the city and sociology. Modernization of the national management system: analysis of trends and development forecast. Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference and XII–XIII Dridzev readings. Moscow, 2014. pp. 481-486.
5. Kononov I. Sociology and problems of spatial organization of society // Sotsiologiya: teoriya, metody, marketing. 2014. No. 4. pp. 57–78. (In Russian).
6. Iovlev V.I. Architecture and the unconscious // Izvestiya vuzov. 2012. No. 7, pp. 67–72. (In Russian).
7. Khopkins O. Vizual’nyy slovar’ arkhitektury [Visual dictionary of architecture]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2013. 168 p.
8. Ikonnikov A.V. Khudozhestvennyy yazyk arkhitektury [The artistic language of architecture]. Moscow: Stroy-servis, 2015. 174 p.
9. Zabelianskiy G.P. Arkhitektura i emotsional’nyy mir cheloveka [Architecture and emotional world of man]. Moscow: Poznanie, 2015. 208 p.
10. Davydov A.A. The geometry of social space // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2016. No. 8, pp. 96-98. (In Russian).
11. Farelli L. Fundamental’nye osnovy arkhitektury [The fundamental basis of architecture]. Moscow: Tride Kuking, 2011. 176 p.

The method of accelerated evaluation of durability of aluminum profiles of translucent enclosing structures (TES) for facade glazing under the influence of climatic factors is proposed. The essence of the method is to conduct laboratory tests with cyclic effects of variable positive and negative temperatures, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, poorly aggressive chemical media (solutions), and salt fog. The method is developed with due regard for the requirements of GOST 22233–2001 on profiles pressed from aluminum alloys for translucent enclosing structures. The criteria for assessing the durability of aluminum profiles in terms of adhesion, color characteristics by the coordinate method, gloss, bearing capacity of the connection zones at shear and transverse tension, the requirements for accelerated testing, testing equipment, methods for evaluation of test results are established. On the basis of the developed method, the standard of NIISF RAACN was created.

L.K. BOGOMOLOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.D. ILNITSKY, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. New generation of the energy efficient ventilated translucent front designs with the fissile recuperation of a heat flux. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 1, pp. 18–23. (In Russian).
2. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Shubin I.L. New decisions for translucent designs. Svetotekhnika. 2015. No. 2, pp. 51–56. (In Russian).
3. Buzalo N.A., Tsaritova N.T., Omarov Z.M. Modeling of knots of the basic bearing elements of the multystoried building with the suspended floors. BST. 2017. No. 6 (994), pp. 82–84. (In Russian).
4. Orlova S.S., Aligadzhiyev Sh.L. Translucent facades in the modern construction. Tendencies of development of construction, heatgas supply and power supply: Collection of works of a conference. Saratov. 2016, pp. 181–184. (In Russian).
5. Akhmyarov T.A., Spiridonov A.V., Choubin I.L. The energy efficient ventilated translucent and front designs with the fissile recuperation of a heat flux. Stroitelnye materialy, oboruduvanye, tekhnologii XXI veka. 2015. No. 7–8, pp. 32–37. (In Russian).
6. Spiridonov A.V., Choubin I.L. Development of translucent designs in Russia. Svetotekhnika. 2017. No. 3, pp. 46–51. (In Russian).
7. Kiryukhantsev E.E., Firsova T.F., Mironenko R.V., Ushakov V. A. A range of application of the aluminum glazed partitions in buildings with atriums. Tekhnologii Tekhnosfernoi Besopasnosti. 2015. No. 3 (61), pp. 47–51. (In Russian).
8. Tretiakov V.I., Bogomolova L.K., Guzova E.S. Physicomechanical criteria for evaluation of durability of sealing laying for window, door blocks and structural glazing of facades. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2016. No. 3 (65), pp. 165–169. (In Russian).
9. Bogomolova L.K., Guzova E.S., Ilnitskii V.D. About durability of elements of the translucent protecting designs for modern front systems under the influence of climatic factors. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2017. No. 3 (71), pp. 112–120. (In Russian).
10. Gagarin V.G., Shirokov S.A. Calculation of air temperature of the glazed loggia for determination of energy saving effect. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2017. No. 3 (71), pp. 36–42. (In Russian).
11. Bezrukov A.Yu., Verkhovsky A.A., Royfe V.S. Technical regulation in the field of front translucent designs. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2016. No. 3 (65), pp. 96–101. (In Russian).
12. Gagarin V.G., Korkina E.V. Assessment of thermal stability of the protecting designs and rooms of buildings by a frequency method. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2016. No. 3 (65), pp. 43–48. (In Russian).

Subway lines are sources of increased vibration, which is transmitted through the ground to the buildings located up to 40 m from the tunnel axis and spreading over it, often exceeding the vibration limits specified by sanitary standards or mechanical safety requirements. Reducing exceeding values on the designed or operating metro lines is possible by application of a vibration-isolation of the upper track structure, the most effective of which is the «mass-spring» system or “floating slab”. The article gives an analysis of the current analogues under operation, as well as the provisions for the design of this system subjected to the moving load as an infinitely long beam lying on a nonlinear-elastic foundation. The vibration isolation efficiency of this system during the movement of trains is estimated.

V.A. SMIRNOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Smirnov V., Tsukernikov I. To the Question of Vibration Levels Prediction Inside Residential Buildings Caused by Underground Traffic. Procedia Engineering. 2017. No. 176, pp. 371–380.
2. Smirnov V.A., Filippova P.A., Tsukernikov I.Ye. Analysis of vibrations in a residential building located in the technical area of the subway. Biosfernaya sovmestimost’: chelovek, region, tekhnologii. 2017. No. 3 (19), pp. 87–95. (In Russian).
3. Smirnov V.A., Tsukernikov I.Ye. Experimental studies of vibration levels of floors of residential buildings caused by the movement of underground trains. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2016. No. 4 (66). pp. 85–92. (In Russian).
4. Rudneva Ye.A. Analysis of the results of measurements of vibration levels in residential houses during the movement of metro trains carried out by the specialists of the FBTSZ «Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow between 2014 and 2017». Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «Problemy ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti, energosberezheniye v stroitel’stve i ZHKKH». Moskva – Kavala. 2017, pp. 22–26. (In Russian).
5. Sheng X., Jones C.J.C., Thompson D.J. A theoretical study of the influence of the track on train-induced ground vibration. Jour-nal of Sound and Vibration. 2004. No. 272 (3–5), pp. 909–936.
6. Sheng X., Jones C.J.C., Thompson D.J. A theoretical model for ground vibration from trains generated by vertical track irregularities. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2004. No. 272 (3–5), pp. 937–965.
7. Kaewunruen, Sakdirat & Aikawa, Akira & Remennikov, Alex. Vibration Attenuation at Rail Joints through under Sleeper Pads. Procedia Engineering. 2017. No. 189, pp. 193-198.
8. Dudkin E.P.; Andreeva L.A.; Sultanov N.N. Methods of Noise and Vibration Protection on Urban Rail Transport. Procedia Engineering. 2017. No. 189, pp. 829–835.
9. Talbot Hunt. Isolation of Buildings from Rail-Tunnel Vibration: a Review. Building Acoustics. 2003. No. 10, pp. 177–192.
10. Smirnov V.A. New vibration isolation upper-track structures. Yevraziya-vesti. 2018. No. 4, pp. 21 (In Russian).
11. Gorst A., Dorman I., Bogomolov G., Muromtsev YU. Vibration isolation design of the lower track structure. Metrostroy. 1981. No. 2, pp. 13–15. (In Russian).
12. Baraboshin V.F. The main parameters of the new design of the metro routes with increased vibro-protective properties. Trudy VNIIZHT. 1981. No. 630, pp. 26–53. (In Russian).
13. Gerber T., Hengelmann A., Laborenz P., Rubi T., Trovato M., Ziegler A. Feste Fahrbahn mit Erschütterungs- und Körperschallschutz. Hrsg.: Der Eisenbahningenieur. Eurailpress, Hamburg März. 2012, pp.27–32.
14. Berger P.; Lang J.; Österreicher M.; Steinhauser P. Wirksamkeit der Schutzmaßnahmen gegen U-Bahn-Immissionen für den Wiener Musikverein. Zement und Beton. 2005. No. 2, pp. 20–27.
15. Smith G. M., Bierman R. L., Zitek S. J. Determination of dynamic properties of elastomers over broad frequency range. Experimental Mechanics. 1983. Vol. 23, pp. 158–164.
16. Lombaert G., Degrande G., Vanhauwere B., Vandeborght B., François S. The control of groundborne vibrations from railway traffic by means of continuous floating slabs. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2006. No. 297, pp. 946–961.
17. Ruge P., Birk C. A comparison of infinite Timoshenko and Euler–Bernoulli beam models on Winkler foundation in the frequency- and time-domain. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2007. No. 304, pp. 932–947.

The article considers the updated method for calculation of sun effect duration of rooms of residential and public buildings and territories by means of insolation charts included in the new GOST P 57792–2017 «Buildings and Constructions. Methods for Determination of Insolation». The sequence of calculation of insolation duration is stated. The insolation charts developed in relation to calculation days for various geographic latitudes of Russia are provided. The procedure of calculation of shadow angles for light openings located on balconies and loggias, light openings of the attics located in an inclined plane, clear-stories is determined. The need for further harmonization of the GOST P 57795–2017 with the change No. 1 SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1076-01 of 2017, which changed the calculation days of the beginning and the end of the insolation period for the central geographical zone of Russia, is substantiated. The application of the method will contribute to improving the accuracy of calculations of the duration of insolation of premises and a more complete account of the light climate resources of the construction area.

I.A. SHMAROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.A. ZEMTSOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
V.V. ZEMTSOV, Engineer,
V.A. KOZLOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Shmarov I.A., Zemtsov V.A., Korkina E.V. Insolation Practice of Regulation and Calculation. Zhilishhnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 7, pp. 48–53. (In Russian).
2. Fokin S.G., Bobkova T.E., Shishova M.S. Assessment of the hygienic principles of rationing of insolation in the conditions of the large city on the example of Moscow. Gigiena i sanitarija. 2003. No. 2, рр. 9–10. (In Russian).
3. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarina E.V. Ecological aspects of insolation of residential and public buildings. BST: Bjulleten’ stroitel’noj tehniki. 2012. No. 2, pp. 38–41. (In Russian).
4. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarin V.G. Insolation of residential and public buildings. Prospects of development. Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2009. No. 5, pp. 147–151. (In Russian).
5. Shhepetkov N.I. About some shortcomings of norms and techniques of insolation and natural lighting. Svetotehnika. 2006. No. 1, pp. 55–56. (In Russian).
6. Kuprijanov V.N., Halikova F.R. About some shortcomings of norms and techniques of insolation and natural lighting. Zhilishhnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 50–53. (In Russian).
7. Danzig N. M. Gigiena osveshenya I insolyazii zdanii i territorii zastroyki gorodov [Hygiene of daylighting and insolation of buildings and urban territories of the cities]. Moscow: BRE, 1971. (In Russian).
8. Boubekri M., Hull R.B., Boyer L.L. Impact of window size and sunlight penetration on office workers’ mood and satisfaction. a novel way of assessing sunlight. Environment and Behavior. 1991. V. 23. No. 4, pp. 474–493.
9. Daylight, sunlight and solar gain in the urban environment. Littlefair P. Solar Energy. 2001. V. 70. No. 3, pp. 177–185.
10. Perceived performance of daylighting systems: lighting efficacy and agreeableness. Fontoynont M. Solar Energy. 2002. V. 73. No. 2, pp. 83–94.
11. El Diasty R. Variable positioning of the sun using time duration. Renewable Energy. 1998. V. 14. No. 1–4, pp. 185–191.

The thermal imaging survey of the structure, according to which was established the decrease in the surface temperature in the local sections of the structure, was analyzed. On the basis of this survey, a numerical simulation of this structure was carried out with boundary conditions corresponding to the climatic conditions of Moscow as well as according to the design temperatures adopted during thermal mapping. Results of the comparative study of the calculation of temperature fields and the thermal imaging of the structural component studied are presented. For taking into account the contiguity of various materials of the construction to each other, so the thermal conductivity of these materials in a multilayer structure, as well as the features of the installation of the construction, certain «assumptions» were made to the heat engineering calculation. The nature of the temperature distribution in the thickness and on the surface of the construction was studied in accordance with the established assumptions.

K.S. ANDREYTSEVA, Engineer-Mathematician (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Umnyakova N.P., Andreytseva K.S., Smirnov V.A. Heat transfer on the surface of protruding elements of external fences. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noy promyshlennosti. 2016. No. 4 (364), pp. 157–161. (In Russian).
2. Kozlov V.V., Andreytseva K.S. Development of the engineering method for calculating the minimum temperature on the internal surface of the structure in the zone of the balcony plate to the wall. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noy tekhniki. 2017. No. 6 (994), pp. 38–39. (In Russian).
3. Umnyakova N.P., Andreytseva K.S., Smirnov V.A. Features of the Bio criterion for the protruding elements of a building. Izve-stiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Izvestiya vysshikh ucheb-nykh zavedeniy. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noy promyshlennosti. 2017. No. 2 (368), pp. 330–335. (In Russian).
4. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V., Lushin K.I., Plushenko N.Y. Allowance for heat-conducting inclusions and a ventilated layer in calculations of resistance to heat transfer of a wall with a hinged facade system (NFS). Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 6, pp. 32–35. (In Russian).
5. Markov S.V., Shubin L.I., Andreytseva K.S. Mathematical modeling for calculation of three-dimensional temperature fields of the interface unit of the outer wall with a balcony plate and a monolithic inter-floor overlap. Nauchnoye obozreniye. 2014. No. 7–1, pp. 190–196. (In Russian).
6. Andreytseva K.S., Yarmakovskiy V.N., Kadiev D.Z. Influence of bonds-connectors of concrete layers in three-layered wall panels on the heat engineering uniformity of a structure. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 7, pp. 38–44. (In Russian).
7. Gagarin V.G., Plushenko N.Y. Determination of the thermal resistance of a ventilated layer of the NSF. Stroitel’stvo: Nauka i obrazovaniye. 2015. No. 1, pp. 1–3. (In Russian).
8. Kochev AG, Sergienko A.S. Solution of the problem of calculating temperature fields of window slopes of buildings. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. Seriya: Fiziko-khimicheskiye problemy i vysokiye tekhnologii stroitel’nogo materialovedeniya.. 2014. No. 2 (9), pp. 67–76. (In Russian).
9. Krainov D.V., Sadykov R.A. Determination of additional heat fluxes through elements of a fragment of the enclosing structure. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 10–12. (In Russian).

One of the systems of passive solar heating – the Trombe wall – is considered. It belongs to the elements of the solar architecture and is used as a building envelope to reduce energy costs for its heating and ventilation. The existing empirical formulas for the calculation of the Trombe wall have satisfactory accuracy only for the countries of Europe and the USA. In addition, they are tied to certain constructive solutions that are not suitable in the climate of central Russia. The analysis of the thermophysical processes taking place in the construction and the influence of climatic factors on them was carried out. The results of numerical modeling of the design in the climatic conditions of central Russia and the results of calculating the savings in thermal energy when using the design in buildings of different energy efficiency are presented.

V.V. BRYZGALIN, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Bryzgalin V.V., Soloviev A.K. The use of passive solar heating systems as part of the passive house. Vestnik MGSU. 2018, Vol. 13. No. 4 (115), pp. 472–481. (In Russian).
2. Soloviev A.K. «Passive houses» and energy efficiency of their architectural and structural elements. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 4, pp. 46–53. (In Russian).
3. Kazancev P.A., Knyajev V.V., Loschenkov V.V., Kirik N.S. The study of the traditional architectural model of passive solar heating on the example of an experimental individual house Solar-Sb. Vestnik injenernoi shkoli DVFU. 2016. No. 2 (27), pp. 116–127. (In Russian).
4. Verkhovsky A.A., Zimin A.N., Potapov S.S. The applicability of modern translucent walling for climatic regions of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo. 2015. No. 6, pp. 16–19. (In Russian).
5. Verkhovsky A.A., Shekhovtsov A.V. A doube skin facade thermal study in the Russian climatic conditions. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. Vol. 1. No. 3, pp. 215–220. (In Russian).
6. Shakirov V.A., Artemiev A.Yu. Accounting weather station data in the analysis of solar power systems application. Vestnik IrGTU. 2015. No. 3 (98), pp. 227–232. (In Russian).
7. Savin V.K. Stroitelnaya fizika: energoperenos, energoeffektivnost, energosberejenie [Building physics: energy transfer, energy efficiency, energy saving]. Moscow: Lazur’. 2005. 432 p.
8. Malyavina E.G. Teplopoteri zdaniya: spravochnoe posobie [Heat losses of the building: reference book]. Moskow. AVOK-PRESS. 2007. 144 p.
9. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V., Lushin K.I. Air Velocity in Air Cavity of Curtain Wall System at Free Ventilation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 10, pp. 14–17. (In Russian).
10. Umnyakova N.P. Heat transfer in a ventilated air gap of ventra-gardens and taking account of the emissivity of surfaces. Izvestya vuzov. Tehnologija tekstil’noj promyshlennosti. 2016. No. 5 (365), pp. 199–205. (In Russian).
11. Umnyakova N.P., Butovskiy I.N., Chebotarev A.G. Development of the regulation methods of heat shield of energy efficient buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 19–23. (In Russian).

The paper proposes a principally new approach to ensuring the required level of radon safety of construction objects at their design stage. To describe the radon situation in the premises of the lower storey, a mathematical model of two-dimensional stationary diffusive radon transport in the «soil-atmosphere-building» media system was developed. Due to its use, dependences of the radon load on the underground enclosing structures upon the building structural characteristics and the soil block physical properties were obtained. It is shown that in the absence of radiation anomalies, the radon safety of the construction object should be provided exclusively by rational design of the floor structure. An algorithm of the use of this mathematical model at the stage of engineering-ecological surveys for prediction of radon levels in the building after its construction is proposed, its use when realizing the principally new approach to the assessment of the potential radon hazard of the designed buildings is substantiated. This approach does not require the measurement of radon flux density at construction sites.

I.L. SHUBIN¹, Corresponding Member of RAACS, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Director;
А.V. KALAYDO², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)
² Luhuns Taras Shevchenko National University (2, Oboronnaya Street, 91011, Luhansk)

1. Sidyakin P. A., Anyan E. G., Fomenko N. A. Vahylevych N. V. The formation of levels of irradiation of the population of the region of Caucasian Mineral Waters due to the radioactivity of rocks. Izvestiya vyisshih uchebnyih zavedeniy. Geologiya i razvedka. 2016. No. 1, pp. 66–70. (In Russian).
2. Yarmoshenko I.V., Onishchenko D.A., Zhukovsky M.V. A survey of the levels of accumulation of radon in residential buildings in the city of Yekaterinburg. Voprosy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti. 2010. No. 3 (59), pp. 62–69. (In Russian).
3. Mironchik A.F. Natural radioactive substances in the atmosphere and air of residential premises of the Republic of Belarus. Vestnik Belorussko-Rossiyskogo universiteta. 2007. No. 4 (17), pp. 162–171. (In Russian).
4. IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS for protecting people and the environment. Protection of the Public against Exposure Indoors due to Natural Sources of Radiation. Draft Safety Guide No. DS421. Vienna, April 2012. 92 p.
5. Arvela N. Residential radon in Finland: sources, variation, modeling and dose comparisons (Academic dissertation) STUK-a124. Helsinki, 1995. 87 p.
6. Gulabyanz L.A. Radon Danger Level. Terms, criteria, features. ANRI. 2013. No. 1, pp. 12–14. (In Russian).
7. Miklyaev P. S. What to do? Or «radon» crisis in radiation surveys. ANRI. 2005. No. 3, pp. 60–64. (In Russian).
8. Miklyaev P.S. mechanisms of formation of radon flow from the soil surface and approaches to the assessment of radon danger of residential areas. ANRI. 2007. No. 2, pp. 2–16. (In Russian).
9. Gulabyanz L.A. the Principle of development of new standards for the design of radon protection of buildings. Blagopriyatnaya sreda zhiznedeyatelnosti cheloveka. Stroitelnyie nauki. 2009. No. 5, pp. 461–467. (In Russian).
10. Gulabyanz L.A., Caleido A.V., Semenova M.N. Impact assessment of the effects of thermal and barodiffusion on the transfer of radon in a porous medium. ANRI. 2018. No. 1, pp. 62–69. (In Russian).

The use of energy-saving glazing in buildings contributes to the reduction in transmission heat losses and, consequently, energy savings for heating, but it should be taken into account that such glazing reduces the heat input to the building from solar radiation. To determine the feasibility of replacing the glazing in the building with energy-saving glazing, a comprehensive indicator is needed to assess the effectiveness of its application. This paper presents a criterion assessment based on the calculation of heat gain and heat losses for the whole building through filling light openings, introduces the concept of radiation-temperature coefficient of climate and heat transfer coefficient from solar radiation through the window unit. The calculation is made on the example of the building, conditionally located in three cities with different climates, a conclusion about the acceptable use of energy-efficient glazing, except for one option, is drawn.

E.V. KORKINA^{1, 2} Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Kupriyanov V.N., Sedova F.R. Justification and development of a power method of calculation of insolation of premisesю Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 83–87. (In Russian).
2. Stetskiy S.V., Kuznetsova P.I. Lighting, sun-protection and informative qualities of windows of a nonconventional form in civil buildings of the countries with hot solar climate. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2017. No. 10, pp. 20–25. (In Russian).
3. Gagarin V.G., Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A. Heat gain and heat loss through glazing with high thermal properties. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 2, pp. 106–110. (In Russian).
4. Krigger J., Waggoner T. Passive Solar Design for the Home. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse. DOE/GO-102001-1105.
5. O’Brien W., Kesik T., Athienitis A. The use of solar design days in a passive solar house conceptual design tool. 3rd Canadian Solar Buildings Conference Fredericton. N.B. 2008. August 20–22, pp. 164–171.
6. Korkina E.V., Gorbarenko E.V., Gagarin V.G., Shmarov I.A. Basic Ratios for Calculation of Irradiation of Solar Radiation of Walls of Detached Buildings. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 27–33. (In Russian).
7. Ivanova S.M. Estimation of background diffuse irradiance on orthogonal surfaces under partially obstructed anisotropic sky. Part 1 – Vertical surfaces. Solar Energy. 2013, pp. 376–391.
8. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V., Neklyudov A.Yu. Accounting of heat-conducting inclusions when determining thermal load of the system of heating of the building. BST. 2016. No. 2 (978), pp. 57–61. (In Russian).
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The purpose of the article is to compare the cumulative discounted costs of air drying in the bath hall of the Aqua Park with three modes of the use of supply air dryers as part of air conditioning units. Three configurations of installations are considered: with a water air cooler as a desiccant; with a heat pump as a desiccant and a unit in which for drying the supply air during the working time for the aqua park, the heat pump works only in the warm period of the year. In non-working hours the heat pump is involved all year-round. The cumulative discounted costs for all three options are calculated. For the hall with swimming baths of the covered aqua park, the application of a heat pump for supply air drying is economically feasible compared to a surface air cooler if in the working time, the heat pump is only used during the warm season and during the non-working hours throughout the year.

E.G. MALYAVINA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
A.V. SAVINA¹, Master;
Yu.N. LEVINA², Engineer

¹ Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, 129337, Moscow, Russian Federation)
² Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy architecture and construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Alejnikov A.Y., Fodorov A.B. Evaporation of moisture from water surface of indoor water park. StroyProfil’. 2013. No. 7, pp. 35–39 (In Russian).
2. Harriman, L.G., Plager D., Kosar D. R. Dehumidification and cooling loads from ventilation air. ASHRAE Journal. 2014. No. 29(11), pp. 37–45.
3. Swimming Pools for Sports and Recreating. Santehnika. 2017. No. 3, pp. 52–57. (In Russian).
4. Ilina T.N., Glebova O.V., Nebyltsova I.V. Innovative methods of microclimatic support in halls of indoor swimming pools. Vestnik BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova. 2016. No. 8, pp. 113– 116. (In Russian).
5. Xiaojun Ma, Yiwen Jian, Yue Cao. A new national design code for indoor air environment of sports buildings. Facilities. 2016. No. 13, pp. 52–58.
6. Ushanov Е.А. Organization of eff ective air distribution in swimming pool. Santehnika. Otoplenie. Kondicionirovanie. 2017. No. 2, pp. 70–72. (In Russian).
7. Malyavina Е.G., Kruchkova О.Yu. Kozlov V.V. Comparison of Climate Models for Calculating Energy Consumption by Central Systems of Air Conditioning. Zhilishcnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 6, pp. 24–26. (In Russian).
8. Malyavina Е.G. Revealing of Economic Reasonability of Heat Insulation of Three-Storey Building’s External Enclosing Structures. Zhilishcnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 6, pp. 13–15. (In Russian).

The development of stylistic features of the local architecture in the XIX – early XX centuries, the emergence of new trends in the organization and design of exteriors and interiors of the period considered are traced. The emergence and spread of capitalistic production relations had a significant impact on the subsequent development of Azerbaijan architecture. New observed manifestations in the architecture of Azerbaijan especially clearly reflected in the development of Baku. Already at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, during the period of rapid development of the oil industry, Baku became one of the largest cities of the Russian Empire. During this period, the architecture of Azerbaijan developed on the basis of the composition of buildings which occupied an important place in the architectural-planning structure of dwellings and the traditions of European architecture. The basis of compositional structure of buildings constructed by local architects and people craftsmen were traditional architectural roots. Pupils of the European school of architecture actively acted together with local architects.

K.R. YUSIFOVA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction (11, A. Sultanova Street, 1173, Baku, Azerbaijan)

1. Mikailova M.N. The style characteristic of the architecture of Baku in the XIX – early XX century. Sociologiya goroda. 2012. No. 4, рр. 46–50. (In Russian).
2. Mustafaev M.R. Architecture Of Baku. Science Time. 2015. No. 6 (18), pp. 331–341.
3. Arhitektura Azerbajdzhana [Architecture Of Azerbaijan]. Baku: AN Azerb. SSR, 1952. 674 p.
4. Alizade G.M. Narodnoe zodchestvo Azerbajdzhana i ego progressivnye tradicii [Folk architecture of Azerbaijan and its progressive traditions]. Baku: AN Azerb. SSR, 1963. 228 p.
5. Veliev F.I. Material’naya kul’tura Azerbajdzhana v nachale XIX–XX vekov [Material culture of Azerbaijan in the beginning of XIX–XX centuries]. Baku: Vostok-Zapad, 2010. 424 p.
6. Razvitie goroda Baku. Kommunal’naya zhizn’. 1923. No. 1, pp. 12–18. (In Russian).
7. Salam-zade A.V. Arhitektura Azerbajdzhana v XVI–XX vv. [Architecture of Azerbaijan in the XVI–XX centuries]. Baku: AN Azerb. SSR, 1964. 255 p.
8. Askerov N.S. Arhitekturnyj ornament Azerbajdzhana [Architectural ornament of Azerbaijan]. Baku: AN Azerb. SSR, 1941. 46 p.
9. Gasanov EH.L. About the development of traditional craft branches of Ganja during XIX–XX centuries. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya. 2014. No. 9–4, pp. 892–895. (In Russian).
10. Mustafaeva R.EH. On the architectural style of buildings and structures in Baku at the turn of XIX–XX centuries. Aktual’nye problemy arhitektury, stroitel’stva, ehnergoehffektivnosti i ehkologii – 2016. Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. 2016, pp. 200–207. (In Russian).
11. Askerova H.Z. Arhitetktura Baku na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. Sbornik konferencij NIC Sociosfera. 2016. No. 19, pp. 15–18. (In Russian).
12. Fatullaev-Figarov SH. Urban planning and architecture of Azerbaijan in the XIX – early XX century. Arhitektura. Stroitel’stvo. Dizajn. 2014. No. 2 (75), pp. 46–53. (In Russian).
13. Salam-zade A.V., Sadyhzade A.A. ZHilye zdaniya v Azerbajdzhane v XIX–XX vv. Baku, 1961, pp. 11–13.
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15. Fatullaev SH.S.-Figarov. Gradostroitel’stvo Baku XIX – nachale HKH vekov [The urban development of Baku in the XIX – early XX centuries]. Baku: Vostok-Zapad, 2013. 352 p.
16. Fatullaev SH.S., Magerramov O.S. K istorii razvitiya inter’erov zdanij Baku XIX–XX vv. [To the history of the development of interiors of buildings of Baku in the XIX–XX centuries] Baku: NANA, 2003. Sb. № 1, pp. 22–30.
17. Tagiev F.A. Istoriya goroda Baku v pervoj polovine XIX veka (1806–1859) [History of the city of Baku in the first half of the XIX century]. Baku: EHlm, 1999. 196 p.
18. Gasymova F.R. Historical background of the formation of roads and transport environment in the city of Baku in the XIX – early XX centuries. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 2013. No. 1–1 (27), pp. 45–47.
19. Kulieva N.M. Sem’i i semejnaya zhizn’ naseleniya Baku v XIX–XX vekah [Family and family life of Baku’s population in the XIX–XX centuries]. Baku: Nauka, 2011. 240 p.
20. Nur-Mamedova N.A. Preservation and restoration of unique buildings in the historical environment of Baku city (by the example of S. Tagizade street). Gumanitarnye, social’no-ehkonomicheskie i obshchestvennye nauki. 2014. No. 5–2, pp. 225–228. (In Russian).
21. Alieva A. Hudozhestvennaya obrabotka dereva [Art processing of a tree]. Baku: YAzychy, 1983. 27 p.

Erection of residential buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete with the use of permanent cement-chip formwork is one of the effective methods of construction. At present, among all branches, the construction is characterized by the highest level of defectiveness of structures erected. In this regard, the evaluation of the reliability of erection of residential buildings in permanent formwork of cement-chip slabs in terms of the quality parameters is an actual scientific-technical task. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the most often formed defects of structures have been revealed and cause-effect relations of their formation have been established. On the basis of on-site investigations, the reliability of the technological system in terms of the quality of structures erected was evaluated. In general, the construction technological system of erection of residential buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete in permanent cement-chip formwork corresponds to the level of reliability in terms of quality parameters set by project documentation.

A.P. SVINTSOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.R. KOEN², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
Z.A. BISIEV³, Engineer,
I.Yu. ARSAMAKOV³, Engineer;
T.N. NAUMOVA⁴, Engineer

¹ Academy of Engineering, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation)
² OOO “UK GenStroy” (7, Malaya Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation)
³ OOO “INTERGRUPP” (13, LIT A, Moskovskoe Shosse, 196158, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation)
⁴ OAO UC “Investitsii. Financy. Kapital” (7, Malaya Kalitnikovskaya Street, 109147, Moscow, Russian Federation)

1. Krawczyn´ska-Piechna A. Comprehensive Approach to Efficient Planning of Formwork Utilization on the Construction Site. Procedia Engineering. 2017. Vol. 182, pp. 366–372. DOI.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.114.
2. Abramjan S.G., Ahmedov A.M., Halilov V.S., Umancev D.A. The development of monolithic costruction and modern formwork systems. Vestnik VolgGASU. Serija: Stroitel’stvo i arhitektura. 2014. No. 36 (55), pp. 231–239. (In Russian).
3. Wang Lei, Chen S.S., Tsang D.C.W., Poon Chi-Sun, Dai Jian-Guo. CO₂ curing and fibre reinforcement for green recycling of contaminated wood into high-performance cement-bonded particleboards. Journal of CO₂ Utilization. 2017. Vol. 18, pp. 107–116. DOI.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.01.018.
4. Soroushian P., Won Jong-Pil, Hassan M. Durability and microstructure analysis of CO₂-cured cement-bonded wood particleboard // Cement and Concrete Composites. 2013. Vol. 41, pp. 34–44. DOI.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.014.
5. Riazanova G.N., Kamburg V.G. Description and model approach in technologies of mounting filler structures in permanent forms with macroporous expanded-clay concrete filling. Vestnik HNU. Tehnicheskie nauki. 2014. No. 3 (213), pp. 183–187. (In Russian).
6. Huang Bo-Tao, Li Qing-Hua, Xu Shi-Lang, Li Chen-Fei. Development of reinforced ultra-high toughness cementitious composite permanent formwork: Experimental study and Digital Image Correlation analysis. Composite Structures. 2017. Vol. 180, pр. 892–903. DOI.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2017.08.016.
7. Kharum M., Svintsov A.P. Reliability of technological systems of building construction in permanent EPS formwork. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 2017. Vol. 4, I. 11, pр. 94–98. DOI.org/10.21833/ijaas.2017.011.014.
8. Svintsov A.P., Panin O.V. Reliability of technological systems of the monolithic reinforced concrete wall construction. Vestnik RUDN. Inzhenernye issledovanija. 2011. No. 2, pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
9. Bajburin A.H. Obespechenie kachestva i bezopasnosti vozvodimyh grazhdanskih zdanij [Ensuring the quality and safety of constructed civil buildings]. Moscow: ASV. 2015. 335 p.
10. Moon S., Choi E., Yang B. Holistic integration based on USN technology for monitoring safety during concrete placement. Automation in Construction. 2015. Vol. 57, pр. 112–119. DOI.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.05.001.
11. Nazarko L. Technology Assessment in Construction Sector as a towards Sustainability. Procedia Engineering. 2015. Vol. 122, pр. 290–295.

Construction is one of the most important branches of the national economy and is an integral part of the country’s economy. At present, the production sector of the economy is experiencing significant difficulties connected with the economic crisis and international sanctions. However, this is an additional incentive for modernization of control systems, approaches to the formation of machine parks and the execution of building-erection works. This article considers the issue of formation of machine parks of the building organizations with due regard for indicators of energy efficiency. The solution of this problem makes it possible not only to reduce costs by saving fuel, lubricants etc. but also to improve the ecological situation in the zone of works. At the same time with improving the competitiveness of the construction industry, the interest of companies in the modern energy efficient equipment makes it possible to develop heavy engineering with a number of related industries that can not but affect the economic situation in the country as a whole.

S.V. PROKHOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs (87, Gorky Street, Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation)

1. Pankratov E.P., Pankratov O.E. Problems of increase in production capacity of the enterprises of a construction complex. Ekonomika stroitel’stva. 2015. No. 3 (33), pp. 4–17. (In Russian).
2. Tuskaeva Z.R. Technical equipment in construction: problems and ways of improvement. Vestnik MGSU. 2015. No. 11, pp. 90–109. (In Russian).
3. Rossiiskii statisticheskii ezhegodnik [Russian statistical yearbook]. Moscow: Rosstat, 2016. 725 p.
4. Merdanov Sh.M., Zakirzakov G.G., Konev V.V., Polovnikov E.V., Krasikov A.A. Definition of indicators of operational properties of modern construction road machines. Funda-mental’nye issledovaniya. 2016. No. 12–2, pp. 312–317. (In Russian).
5. Berezinskaya O.B., Vedev A.L. Industrial dependence of Russian industry on imports and the mechanism of strategic import substitution. Voprosy ekonomiki. 2015. No. 1, pp. 103–115. (In Russian).
6. Volkov A.A., Tuskaeva Z.R. Ergonomics and environmental safety are the factors necessary to improve the competitiveness of domestic construction equipment. Vestnik MGSU. 2016. Vol. 12. No. 3 (102), pp. 308–316. (In Russian).
7. Stroitel’stvo v Rossii.[ Construction In Russia]. Moscow: Rosstat, 2016. 111 p.
8. Kravchenko I.N., Myasnikov A.V., Petrov A.N., Shaibakov R.R., Klimenko A.A. Organization of technical service of specialized machines and their working equipment. Stroitel’nye i dorozhnye mashiny. 2013. No. 1, pp. 30–36. (In Russian).
9. Kim B.G., Prokhorov S.V. Formation of the schedule of technical maintenance and repair of engine parks with calculation of the need for spare elements and storage facilities. Mekhanizatsiya stroitel’stva. 2015. No. 8, pp. 52–53. (In Russian).
10. Sistemy upravleniya stroitel’noi tekhnikoi TOPCON. Elektronnyi resurs: htpp:// geopribori.ru/file/mc_gsi.pdf (Data of access 27.07.2017).
11. Kuznetsova B.H. Substantiation of criteria for evaluating the efficiency of the KOMATSU PC300. Stroitel’nye i dorozhnye mashiny. 2014. No. 3, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).
12. Shcherbachev P.V., Semenov S.E. Electrohydraulic drive with throttle control with increased energy efficiency. Nauka i obrazovanie. MGTU im. N.E. Baumana. Elektron. zhurn. 2012. No. 10, pp. 93–104. http://old.technomag.edu.ru/issue/453255.html (Data of access 27.07.2017). (In Russian).
13. Baum H. Adaptives Regelungskonzept für elektrohydraulische Systeme mit Mehrgrösenregelung. Ölhudraul. und Pneum. 2001. T. 45. No. 9, pp. 619–625.
14. Golovin S.F. Major factors and indicators of efficiency of operation and service of road-building cars. Mekhanizatsiya stroitel’stva. 2014. No. 10, pp. 26–31. (In Russian).
15. Kim B.G. Forming of network of warehouses of spare parts. Mekhanizatsiya stroitel’stva. 2014. No. 6, pp. 55–56. (In Russian).